“Teachers’ Impact on the Implementation of Human Rights Education in International Indian Schools in Kuwait
https://doi.org/10.17583/rise.11827
Keywords:
Downloads
Abstract
With globalization, the establishment of private international schools has increased, particularly in nations with large migrant populations. These schools are affiliated to accreditation bodies from their respective country of origin for curriculum and assessment, although they may also be subject to certain norms within host countries. This duality alludes that students’ knowledge is largely dependent on the teacher who effectuates the official curriculum defined by the accrediting institution into the actual curriculum within the classroom. Although this reflects on all courses taught, it has wider implications in the effectiveness of Human rights education (HRE). This paper investigates key factors that determine the effective implementation of HRE by teachers in international schools, using the case study of Indian schools in Kuwait. By developing the 3I model (Introduction, Interpretation, and Implementation), the researchers determined the causative linkages in the structure and effectiveness of school curriculum for HRE, measured with exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. The results indicate that human rights are not adequately addressed in the official curriculum and the teacher’s own knowledge and comprehension of human rights influences the application of HRE in the actual curriculum, which may present scope for bias and subjectivity.
Downloads
References
About the Organisation - National Human Rights Commission India. (2021). National Human Rights Commission India. https://nhrc.nic.in/about-us/about-the-Organisation
Google Scholar CrossrefAbout us. (2021). National Council of Educational Research and Training. https://ncert.nic.in/about-us.php?ln=
Google Scholar CrossrefAbu-Bader, S. H. (2011). Using statistical methods in social science research with complete SPSS guide. Lyceum Books, Inc.
Google Scholar CrossrefAl Rayes, D. (2019). Laws without enforcement: The case of unskilled foreign workers in Kuwait [Doctoral, London Metropolitan University]. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/5396/
Google Scholar CrossrefAl-Nakib, R. (2011). Citizenship, nationalism, human rights, and democracy: A tangling of terms in the Kuwaiti curriculum. Educational Research, 53(2), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2011.572364
Google Scholar CrossrefAl-Nakib, R. (2012). Human rights, education for democratic citizenship and international organisations: Findings from a Kuwaiti UNESCO ASPnet school. Cambridge Journal of Education, 42(1), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2011.652072
Google Scholar CrossrefAlshammiry, A. (2021). Ideological governance of citizen and non-citizen others in Kuwait. In Statelessness, governance, and the problem of citizenship (pp. 329-341). Manchester University Press. https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526156426/9781526156426.00039.xml
Google Scholar CrossrefAlsubaie, M. A. (2015). Hidden Curriculum as One of Current Issue of Curriculum. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(33), 125-128.
Google Scholar CrossrefAlvunger, D., Sundberg, D., & Wahlström, N. (2017). Teachers matter – but how? Journal of Curriculum Studies, 49(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2016.1205140
Google Scholar CrossrefAmnesty International. (2018). Human Rights Education: High level overview of HRE instruments, mechanisms to be considered in Central Asia (Human Rights Education). https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur04/9074/2018/en/
Google Scholar CrossrefAnnual Report 1998-99 (C-2/10; p. 74). (1998). National Council for Teacher Education.
Google Scholar CrossrefApple, M., & Christian-Smith, L. (1991). The Politics of the Textbook (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315021089
Google Scholar CrossrefA/RES/49/184. United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education. (1994). UN General Assembly. https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/49/a49r184.htm
Google Scholar CrossrefAvery, P. G., & Simmons, A. M. (2001). Civic Life as Conveyed in United States Civics and History Textbooks. The International Journal of Social Education, 15(2), Article 2.
Google Scholar CrossrefBajaj, M. (2011). Human Rights Education: Ideology, Location and Approaches. Human Rights Quarterly, 33(2), Article 2.
Google Scholar CrossrefBajaj, M. (2015). Human Rights Education: Imaginative Possibilities for Creating Change. Teachers College Record, 1-9.
Google Scholar CrossrefBaxi, U. (1994). Human Rights Education: The promise of the Third Millennium? Educational Resources Information Center, 1-33.
Google Scholar CrossrefBlyth, C. (2017). The International School: Taking Stock of a World ‘Commodity’—Leadership and Management. In C. Blyth (Ed.), International Schools, Teaching and Governance: An Autoethnography of a Teacher in Conflict (pp. 71-85). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46783-2_3
Google Scholar CrossrefBryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods (4th Edition). Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar CrossrefBunnell, T. (2021). Leadership of ‘messy, tense International Schools’: The potential scope for a fresh, positive lens of inquiry. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 24(4), 558-570. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2019.1690708
Google Scholar CrossrefBunnell, T., Fertig, M., & James, C. (2016). What is international about International Schools? An institutional legitimacy perspective. Oxford Review of Education, 42(4), 408-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2016.1195735
Google Scholar CrossrefCBSE. Central Board of Secondary Education. (2021). Central Board of Secondary Education. https://www.cbse.gov.in/cbsenew/Affiliation.html
Google Scholar CrossrefConnelly, F. M., He, M. F., & Phillion, J. (2008). The SAGE Handbook of Curriculum and Instruction. SAGE. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/the-sage-handbook-of-curriculum-and-instruction/book227122
Google Scholar CrossrefDeng, Z. (2011). Revisiting Curriculum Potential. Curriculum Inquiry, 41, 538.
Google Scholar CrossrefDoll, R. C. (1996). Curriculum Improvement: Decision Making and Process. Allyn and Bacon.
Google Scholar CrossrefDonnelly, J. (2016). Cultural Relativism and Universal Human Rights. In International Law of Human Rights (pp. 173-192). Routledge.
Google Scholar CrossrefFlowers, N. (2000). The Human Rights Education Handbook: Effective Practices for Learning, Action, and Change. Human Rights Resource Center, University of Minnesota.
Google Scholar CrossrefGDP per capita (current US$) - Kuwait. (2021). The World Bank. Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=KW
Google Scholar CrossrefHammad, W., & Shah, S. (2018). Dissonance Between the “International” and the Conservative “National”: Challenges Facing School Leaders in International Schools in Saudi Arabia. Educational Administration Quarterly, 54(5), 747-780. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X18785864
Google Scholar CrossrefHayden, M., & Thompson, J. (1995). International Schools and International Education: A Relationship Reviewed. Oxford Review of Education, 21(3), 327-345.
Google Scholar CrossrefHayden, M., & Thompson, J. (2008). International schools: Growth and influence. UNESCO: International Institute for Educational Planning. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J-Thompson-9/publication/44839571_International_schools_growth_and_influence/links/568d324508aef987e565dd86/International-schools-growth-and-influence.pdf
Google Scholar CrossrefHooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. Articles. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
Google Scholar CrossrefHughes, C. (2020). International Schools and Global Citizenship Education. In A. Akkari & K. Maleq (Eds.), Global Citizenship Education: Critical and International Perspectives (pp. 177-190). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44617-8_13
Google Scholar CrossrefIndian Community. (2021). Embassy of India, Kuwait. https://indembkwt.gov.in/Indian-community.php
Google Scholar CrossrefJafar, N. (2021). Plights of a Pandemic: The Disconnect Between Migration, Policy, and Practice in Kuwait. Theses (City and Regional Planning). https://repository.upenn.edu/theses_cplan/6
Google Scholar CrossrefJerald, C. D. (2006). School Culture: “The Hidden Curriculum.” The Center for Comprehensive School Reform and Improvement, 8.
Google Scholar CrossrefJerome, L. (2018). Hypocrites or heroes? Thinking about the role of the teacher in human rights education. Human Rights Education Review, 1(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.2873
Google Scholar CrossrefJoreskog, Karl. G., & Sorbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural Equasion Modeling with the SIMPLIS Command Language. Scientific Software International, Inc.
Google Scholar CrossrefKasa, T., Rautiainen, M., Malama, M., & Kallioniemi, A. (2021). ‘Human rights and democracy are not self-evident’: Finnish student teachers’ perceptions on democracy and human rights education. Human Rights Education Review, 4(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.3937
Google Scholar CrossrefKelly, A. V. (2009). The Curriculum: Theory and Practice. SAGE.
Google Scholar CrossrefKošir, S. (2011). Izobraževanje človekovih pravic v šolski realnosti/ Human Rights Education in School Reality. Mednarodna fakulteta za družbene in poslovne študije.
Google Scholar CrossrefKošir, S., & Lakshminarayanan, R. (2021). Inclusion of ‘generations of human rights’ in social science textbooks. International Journal of Educational Development, 80, 102295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102295
Google Scholar CrossrefKuwait 2020 Human Rights Report (2020). US Department of States - Human Rights Report, 44.
Google Scholar CrossrefKuwait: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report. (2022). Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/country/kuwait/freedom-world/2022
Google Scholar CrossrefKuwait ranks first in billionaire ratio. (2022, July 3). ARAB TIMES - KUWAIT NEWS. https://www.arabtimesonline.com/news/kuwait-ranks-first-in-billionaire-ratio/
Google Scholar CrossrefLakshminarayanan, R. (2019). Small State Security Dilemma: Kuwait after 1991. Notion Press.
Google Scholar CrossrefLakshminarayanan, R. (2020). Youth development in Kuwait: Dimensions of civic participation and community engagement towards nation building. Digest of Middle East Studies, 29(2), 230–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12221
Google Scholar CrossrefLe, N. (2016). Are Human Rights Universal or Culturally Relative? Peace Review, 28(2), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2016.1166756
Google Scholar CrossrefLeach, R. J. (1969). International schools and their role in the field of international education. Pergamon Press.
Google Scholar CrossrefLedger, S. (2016). Breaking through the cultural bubble: Engaging at the local level. International School Journal, 36(1), 27-39.
Google Scholar CrossrefLongva, A. N. (1997). Walls Built on Sand: Migration, Exclusion, and Society In Kuwait (1st ed.). Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Walls-Built-On-Sand-Migration-Exclusion-And-Society-In-Kuwait/Longva/p/book/9780813337852
Google Scholar CrossrefMende, J. (2021). Are human rights western—And why does it matter? A perspective from international political theory. Journal of International Political Theory, 17(1), 38-57. https://doi.org/10.1177/1755088219832992
Google Scholar CrossrefMuller, J. (2000). Reclaiming knowledge: Social theory, curriculum, and education policy. Routledge Falmer.
Google Scholar CrossrefNCERT. (2005). National Curriculum Framework. http://www.ncert.nic.in/rightside/links/pdf/framework/english/nf2005.pdf
Google Scholar CrossrefOHCHR - 8. Malta Recommendations on Human Rights Teaching, Information and Documentation (1987). https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Education/Training/Compilation/Pages/8.MaltaRecommendationsonHumanRightsTeaching,InformationandDocumentation(1987).aspx
Google Scholar CrossrefOHCHR, United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training. (2001). https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/education/training/pages/undhreducationtraining.aspx
Google Scholar CrossrefOsler, A., & Skarra, J. A. (2021). The rhetoric and reality of human rights education: Policy frameworks and teacher perspectives. Multicultural Education Review, 13(3), 191-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/2005615X.2021.1964265
Google Scholar CrossrefPanda, P. (2001). Human Rights Education in Indian Schools: Curriculum Development. Human Rights Education in Asian Schools. Asian-Pacific Human Rights Information Center. https://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/human_rights_education_in_asian_schools/section2/2001/03/human-rights-education-in-indian-schools-curriculum-development.html
Google Scholar CrossrefReid, C., & Ibrahim, M. K. (2017). Imagining the Cosmopolitan Global Citizen? Parents’ Choice of International Schools in Kuwait. In S. Choo, D. Sawch, A. Villanueva & R. Vinz (Eds.), Educating for the 21st Century: Perspectives, Policies and Practices from Around the World (pp. 265-279). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1673-8_14
Google Scholar CrossrefStruthers, A. E. C. (2019). Education about human rights: The controversial nature of human rights in the classroom. In Teaching Human Rights in Primary Schools (pp. 71-119). Routledge. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=Pn9kjvUAAAAJ&citation_for_view=Pn9kjvUAAAAJ:hqOjcs7Dif8C
Google Scholar CrossrefTarc, P. (2018). “Walking the Talk”: A Conceptualization of International Mindedness to Inform Leadership in International Schools. Peabody Journal of Education, 93(5), 486–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2018.1515835
Google Scholar CrossrefTerwilliger, R. I. (1972). International Schools-Cultural Crossroads. The Educational Forum, 36(3), 359-363. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131727209338990
Google Scholar CrossrefThe Global Human Rights Education Network. Human Rights Education Associates. (2009, Spring). http://www.hrea.org
Google Scholar CrossrefThe Indian Community School, Kuwait. (2021). The Indian Community School, Kuwait. http://www.icsk-kw.com/history.php
Google Scholar CrossrefTibbitts, F. (2017). Revisiting "Merging Models of Human Rights Education”. International Journal of Human Rights Education, 1(1).
Google Scholar CrossrefTibbitts, F., & Fernekes, W. R. (2011). Human Rights Education. In S. Totten & J. E. Pederson (Eds.), Teaching and Studying Social Issues: Major Programs and Approaches (pp. 87-117). Information Age Publishing. https://www.academia.edu/836933/Human_Rights_Education_Encyclopedia_of_Peace_Education
Google Scholar CrossrefTotal recoverable oil worldwide is now 9% lower than last year, threatening global energy security. (2022). Rystad Energy. https://www.rystadenergy.com/newsevents/news/press-releases/total-recoverable-oil-worldwide-is-now-9-lower-than-last-year-threatening-global-energy-security/
Google Scholar CrossrefUNESCO - International Congress on Education for Human Rights and Democracy, Montreal, Canada, 8-11 March 1993. (1993). UNESDOC Unesco Digital Library. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000161096
Google Scholar CrossrefUNESCO - Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Co-operation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. (1974). UNESCO. http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13088&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
Google Scholar CrossrefUNESCO International Congress on Teaching of Human Rights, Final Document. (1979). Universal Human Rights, 1(3), 89-98. https://doi.org/10.2307/761840
Google Scholar CrossrefUnited Nations Millennium Development Goals. (2002). http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/reports.shtml
Google Scholar Crossrefvan Werven, I. (2015). Preparing Globally Competent Teachers for the International School Context. In M. Hayden, J. Levy, & J. Thompson, The SAGE Handbook of Research in International Education (pp. 298-308). SAGE.
Google Scholar CrossrefWaldron, F., & Oberman, R. (2016). Responsible citizens? How children are conceptualised as rights holders in Irish primary schools. The International Journal of Human Rights, 20(6), 744-760. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2016.1147434
Google Scholar CrossrefWidaman, K. F., & Thompson, J. S. (2003). On specifying the null model for incremental fit indices in structural equation modeling. Psychological Methods, 8(1), 16.
Google Scholar CrossrefZembylas, M. (2017). Re-contextualising human rights education: Some decolonial strategies and pedagogical/curricular possibilities. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 25(4), 487-499. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2017.1281834
Google Scholar CrossrefZembylas, M., Charalambous, P., Charalambous, C., & Lesta, S. (2016). Toward a critical hermeneutical approach of human rights education: Universal ideals, contextual realities, and teachers’ difficulties. European Education, 48(2), 137-157.
Google Scholar CrossrefDownloads
Published
Almetric
Dimensions
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Radhika Lakshminarayanan ; Suzana Košir
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles are published under Creative Commons copyright (CC BY). Authors hold the copyright and retain publishing rights without restrictions, but authors allow anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy articles as the original source is cited.