An Analysis of Families Experiences with Young Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDDs) during COVID-19 Lockdown in Pakistan
Keywords:
Downloads
Abstract
The shadow impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are critical, especially for children with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (IDDs). Financial constraints and home confinement have increased the challenges for caregivers to meet the educational and health needs of children with IDDs. Hence, this research examines the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on families with IDDs children in rural Pakistan. Overall, 176 parents participated in this study and provided valuable responses through interview technique. Parents responded to five (05) open-ended questions. Results indicated that parents of children with IDDs are facing various challenges including financial constraints, social lockdown, deteriorated health conditions of their children, reduced or no health services, closure of educational institutes, negative behavioral impacts, and slow mental development. Still, a subset of parents also reported the positive side of lockdown, indicating that staying at home resulted in improved relationships. The findings of the study suggest that parents of children with IDDs are confronted with significant challenges that increase their stress.
Downloads
References
Adom, D. (2020). Cultural and Educational Implications of the COVID-19 Global Pandemic in Ghana. International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 9(3), 202-229. http://doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.2020.5416
Google Scholar CrossrefAlmeida, F. (2020). The Concept Of Human2Human In The Response To COVID-19. International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 9(2), 129-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.2020.5524
Google Scholar CrossrefAyón, C., Marsiglia, F. F., & Bermudez‐Parsai, M. (2010). Latino family mental health: exploring the role of discrimination and familismo. Journal of Community Psychology, 38, 742-756. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20392
Google Scholar CrossrefBaker, B. L., McIntyre, L. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., Edelbrock, C., & Low, C. (2003). Preschool children with and without developmental delay: behavioral problems and parenting stress over time. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 217-230. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00484.x
Google Scholar CrossrefBerg, B. L. (2009). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Allyn and Bacon, Boston. https://www.sfu.ca/~palys/Berg-2009-DramaturgicalViewOfInterviewing.pdf
Google Scholar CrossrefBrooks, S., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395, 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(20)30460-8
Google Scholar CrossrefCenters for Disease Control (2020). Cases in the U.S. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html. Accessed 01 Nov 2020.
Google Scholar CrossrefCorbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. L. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage Publications, Inc., Los Angeles. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452230153
Google Scholar CrossrefCoyne, L. W., Gould, E. R., Grimaldi, M., Wilson, K. G., Baffuto, G., & Biglan A. (2020). First things first: Parent psychological flexibility and self‐compassion during COVID‐19. Behavior Analysis in Practice. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00435-w
Google Scholar CrossrefEshraghi, A. A., Li, C., Alessandri, M., Messinger, D. S., Eshraghi, R. S., Mittal, R., & Armstrong, F. D. (2020). COVID‐19: overcoming the challenges faced by individuals with autism and their families. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 7(20), 481-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30197-8
Google Scholar CrossrefFontanesi, L., Marchetti, D., Mazza, C., Di Giandomenico, S., Roma, P. & Verrocchio, M. C. (2020). The effect of the COVID‐19 lockdown on parents: a call to adopt urgent measures. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12, S79-S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000672
Google Scholar CrossrefHayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: a meta‐analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 629-642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1604-y
Google Scholar CrossrefHo, H., Perry, A., & Koudys, J. (2021). A systematic review of behaviour analytic interventions for young children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 65(1), 11-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12780
Google Scholar CrossrefJeste, S., Hyde, C., Distefano, C., Halladay, A., Ray, S., Porath, M., Wilson, R. B., & Thurm, A. (2020). Changes in access to educational and healthcare services for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities during COVID‐19 restrictions. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 64(I2), 825-833. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12776
Google Scholar CrossrefJuth, V., Silver, R. C., Seyle, D. C., Widyatmoko, C. S., & Tan, E. T. (2015). Post‐disaster mental health among parent‐child dyads after a major earthquake in Indonesia. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 1309-1318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0009-8
Google Scholar CrossrefMasters, G. N., Taylor‐Guy, P., Fraillon, J., & Chase, A. (2020). Ministerial Briefing Paper on Evidence of the Likely Impact on Educational Outcomes of Vulnerable Children Learning at Home during COVID‐19. Australian Government Department of Education, Skills and Employment. Available at: https://research.acer.edu.au/learning_processes/24.
Google Scholar CrossrefMazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., & Napoli, C. et al. (2020). Nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID‐19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
Google Scholar CrossrefMcIntyre, L. L. (2020). Family-Based Practices to Promote Well-Being. American Journal on Intellectual and Development Disabilities, 125(5), 349-352. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-125.5.349
Google Scholar CrossrefNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development (2017). Early intervention and autism. Available at: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/autism/conditioninfo/treatments/ early-intervention.
Google Scholar CrossrefNational Research Council (2001). Educating Children with Autism. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
Google Scholar CrossrefNearchou, F., Flinn, C., Niland, R., Subramaniam, S.S., & Hennessy, E. (2020). Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health Outcomes in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 79-84. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228479
Google Scholar CrossrefNeece, C., Mclntyre, L.L., & Fenning, R. (2020). Examining the impact of COVID‐19 in ethnically diverse families with young children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability research, 64(10), 739-749. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12769
Google Scholar CrossrefOrgilés, M., Morales, A., Delveccio, E., Mazzeschi, C., Espada, J. P. (2020). Immediate psychological effects of COVID‐19 quarantine in youth from Italy and Spain. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579038
Google Scholar CrossrefÖzdemir, S., & Kerse, G. (2020). The Effects of COVID 19 Process on Health Care Workers: Analysing of the Relationships between Optimism, Job Stress and Emotional Exhaustion. International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 9(2), 178-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.2020.5849
Google Scholar CrossrefPerez, G. K., & Cruess, D. (2014). The impact of familism on physical and mental health among Hispanics in the United States. Health Psychology Review, 8, 95-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2011.569936
Google Scholar CrossrefPulido Rodríguez, C., Villarejo Carballido, B., RedondoSama, G., Guo, M., Ramis, M., & Flecha, R. (2020). False News Around COVID-19 Circulated Less On Sina Weibo Than On Twitter. How To Overcome False Information? International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 9(2), 107-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.2020.5386
Google Scholar CrossrefRedquest, B. K., Tint, A., Ries, H., & Lunsky, Y. (2021). Exploring the experiences of siblings of adults with intellectual/developmental disabilities during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 65(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12793
Google Scholar CrossrefRedquest, B.K., Tint, A., Ries, H., & Lunsky, Y. (2020). Exploring the experiences of siblings of adults with intellectual/developmental disabilities during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 65(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12793
Google Scholar CrossrefReichow, B., & Wolery, M. (2009). Comprehensive synthesis of early intensive behavioral interventions for young children with autism based on the UCLA young autism project model. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 23-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0596-0
Google Scholar CrossrefRoesch, E., Amin, A., Gupta, J., & Moreno, C.J. (2020). Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions. BMJ, 369. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1712
Google Scholar CrossrefSafer‐Lichtenstein, J., Hamilton, J., & McIntyre, L. L. (2019). Examining demographics in randomized control trials of group social skills interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49, 3453-3461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04063-4
Google Scholar CrossrefSchuengel, C., Tummers, J., Embregts, P. J. C. M., & Leusink, G. L. (2020). Impact of the initial response to COVID‐19 on long‐term care for people with intellectual disability: an interrupted time series analysis of incident reports. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 64(II), 817-824. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12778
Google Scholar CrossrefShafi, M., Liu, J., & Ren, W. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on micro, small, and medium-sized Enterprises operating in Pakistan. Research in Globalization, 2, 100018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2020.100018
Google Scholar CrossrefShivers, C. M. (2019). Self-Reported Guilt Among Adult Siblings of People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. American Journal on Intellectual and Development Disabilities, 124(5), 470-477. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-124.5.470
Google Scholar CrossrefWebb Hooper, M., Nápoles, A. M., & Pérez‐Stable, E. J. (2020). COVID‐19 and racial/ethnic disparities. JAMA, 323, 2466-2467. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8598
Google Scholar CrossrefWoodman, A. C., Mawdsley, H. P., & Hauser‐Cram, P. (2015). Parenting stress and child behavior problems within families of children with developmental disabilities: transactional relations across 15 years. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 36C, 264-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.011
Google Scholar CrossrefWorld Health Organization (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.
Google Scholar CrossrefGoogle Scholar Crossref
Zaagsma, M., Volkers, K. M., Swart, E. A. K., Schippers, A. P., & Hove, G. V. (2020). The use of online support by people with intellectual disabilities living independently during COVID‐19. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 64(10), 750-756. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12770
Google Scholar CrossrefDownloads
Published
Metrics
Almetric
Dimensions
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All articles are published under Creative Commons copyright (CC BY). Authors hold the copyright and retain publishing rights without restrictions, but authors allow anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy articles as the original source is cited.