Evaluation of “Ready for First Certificate of English”: Microstructural Approach

Authors

https://doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.2017.2051

Keywords:


Downloads

Abstract

Despite much research done on language learning textbooks, there still exist several questions unanswered about what these textbooks’ contents are about. This study is thus an attempt to investigate the 15 reading passages of Ready for First Certificate of English (FCE) in the light of schema theory. In doing so, the microstructural approach to schema theory was taken into the account which led to the classification of 8617 schema tokens into the three main categories of syntactic, semantic, and parasyntactic domains. Running the chi-square test revealed that the domains differ significantly from each other regarding both their types (X2= 2869.9, p< 0.05) and tokens (X2= 1704, p< 0.05) which lent support to their psychological reality. In addition, the descriptive analysis of the schemata demonstrated that reading passages are heavily outweighed by semantic types (80.7%), whereas syntactic ad parasyntactic types were only about 6% and 12.4 % respectively. The pedagogical implication of the study is discussed and further suggestions are put forward.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Altman, G. T. M., Garnham, A., & Dennis, Y. (1992). Avoiding the garden path: Eye movement in context. Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 685-712.

Google Scholar Crossref

Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Breen, M. (1989). The evaluation cycle for language learning tasks. In P. Rea-Dickins and K. Germaine (Eds), Evaluation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Chastain, K. (1971). The development of modern language skills: Theory to practice (pp. 376-384). Philadelphia. The Center for Curriculum Development, Inc.

Google Scholar Crossref

Daftarifard, P., & Birjandi, P. (2015). Lower Intermediate Readers and Their Use of Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategies. Sino-US English Teaching, 12(10), 757-761.

Google Scholar Crossref

Docherty, C. (2015). Revising the use of English component in FCE and CAE. Researchers Notes, 62, 15-20.

Google Scholar Crossref

Flesch, R. (1948). A new readability yardstick. Journal of Applied Psychology, 32, 221-233.

Google Scholar Crossref

Geranpayeh, A. (2007). Using structural equation modelling to facilitate the revision of high stakes testing: The case of CAE. Researchers Notes, 30, 8-12.

Google Scholar Crossref

Gharbavi, A., & Mousavi, S. A. (2012). A content analysis of textbooks: Investigating gender

Google Scholar Crossref

bias as a social prominence in Iranian high school English textbooks. English Linguistics

Google Scholar Crossref

Research, 1(1), 42-49.

Google Scholar Crossref

Hakemulder, F. (2006). A third culture: The empirical study of literature, culture, and the arts. In: K. Brown, (2nd Eds.) Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, (pp. 274-280). Oxford: Elsevier.

Google Scholar Crossref

Head, H. (1920). Studies in neurology. London: Oxford University Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Howden, D., & Metha, S. (2015). Stakeholder consultation: Review of FCE and CAE. Researchers Notes, 62, 6-8.

Google Scholar Crossref

Hutchinson, T. & Waters, A. (1987). English for specific purposes: A learning-centred approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Khalifa, H., & Weir, C. J. (2009). Examining reading: Research and practice in assessing second language reading. Cambridge: UCLESlCambridge University Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Khodadady, E. (1997). Schemata theory and multiple choice item tests measuring reading comprehension. Unpublished PhD thesis. The University of Western Australia.

Google Scholar Crossref

Khodadady, E. (2004). Schema-based cloze multiple choice item tests: Measures of reduced redundancy and language proficiency. ESP specialist, 25(2), 221-243.

Google Scholar Crossref

Khodadady, E. (2008). Schema-based textual analysis of domain-controlled authentic texts. Iranian Journal of Language Studies (IJLS), 2(4), 431-448.

Google Scholar Crossref

Khodadady, E. (2009). Objective-based achievement testing in the context of schema theory. Iranian Journal of Language Studies (IJLS), 3(1), 1-30.

Google Scholar Crossref

Khodadady, E. (2001). Schema: A theory of translation. In Training Translators and Interpreters in the New Millennium, Portsmouth 17th March 2001 Conference Proceedings (pp. 107-123).

Google Scholar Crossref

Khodadady, E. (2013). Research principles and methods and statistics in applied linguistics. Mashhad: Hamsayeh Aftab.

Google Scholar Crossref

Khodadady, E., & Herriman, M. (2000). Schemata theory and selected response item tests: From theory to practice. In A. J. Kunnan (Ed). Fairness and validation on language assessment (pp. 201-222). Cambridge: CUP.

Google Scholar Crossref

Khodadady, E., & Khosravani, H. (2014). Ideology in the BBC and press TV’s coverage of Syria unrest: A schema-based approach. Review of Journalism and Mass communication, 2(1), 47-67.

Google Scholar Crossref

Khodadady, E., & Lagzian, M. (2013). Textual analysis of an English dentistry textbook and its Persian translation: A schema-based approach. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences, 2(1), 81-104.

Google Scholar Crossref

Khodadady, E., Pishghadam, R., & Fakhr, M. (2010). The relationship among reading comprehension ability, grammar, and vocabulary knowledge: An experimental and schema-based approach. Iranian EFL Journal, 6, 7-49.

Google Scholar Crossref

Khojasteh, L., & Reinders, H. (2013). How textbooks (and learners) get it wrong: A corpus study of modal auxiliary verbs. Applied Research on English Language, 2(1), 33-44.

Google Scholar Crossref

Khodadady, E., Shirmohammadi, S., & Talebi, F. (2011). Brainstorming and Its Effect on Critical Thinking and Speaking. The Iranian EFL Journal, 19, 51.

Google Scholar Crossref

Kinciad, j. P., Fishburne, R.P., Jr., Rogers, R. L., & Chissom, B. S. (1975). Derivation of new readability formulas (Automate Readability Index, Fog Count and Flesh Reading Ease Formula) for Navy enlisted personnel. Research Report 8-75, Millington,TN: Naval Technical Training, U.S. Naval Air Station, Memphis, TN.

Google Scholar Crossref

McNeil, J. (1987). Reading comprehension: New direction for classroom practice. Blenview, IL: Foresman, and Company.

Google Scholar Crossref

Norris, R. (2008). Ready for FCE. Macmillan: Macmillan Publisher

Google Scholar Crossref

Nunan, D. (1987). The teacher as curriculum developer. Adelaide: National Curriculum Resource Centre.

Google Scholar Crossref

Piaget, J. (1926). The child’s conception of the world. New York: Harcourt, Brace.

Google Scholar Crossref

Rashidi, N, & Ghaedsharafi, Sh. (2015). An investigation into the culture and social actors

Google Scholar Crossref

representation in Summit series ELT textbooks within Van Leeuwen's 1996 framework.

Google Scholar Crossref

SAGE Open, 1-10.

Google Scholar Crossref

Richards, J. C. (2001). The role of textbooks in a language program. Retrieved from http://www.professorjackrichards.com/pdfs/role-of-textbooks.

Google Scholar Crossref

Roohani, A., & Tanbakooei, N. (2012). Evaluating Passages 1 and First Certificate Textbooks: A Discourse Perspective. Research in Applied Linguistics, 3(2), 82-106.

Google Scholar Crossref

Sheldon, L. E. (1988). Evaluating ELT textbooks and materials. ELT journal, 42(4), 237-246.

Google Scholar Crossref

Poplin, M. S. (1988). Holistic /constructivist principles of the teaching /learning process: Implications for the field of learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 21,401-416.

Google Scholar Crossref

Rumelhart D E (1975). Notes on a schema for stories. In D. G. Bobrow & A. Collins (eds.) Representation and understanding, (pp. 211-236). New York: Academic Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Semino E (1997). Language and world creation in poems and other texts. London: Longman.

Google Scholar Crossref

Stockwell P (2006), Schema theory: Stylistic applications. In K., (2nd Eds.) Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, (pp. 8- 13). Oxford: Elsevier.

Google Scholar Crossref

Tanenhaus, M. K., Spivey-Knowlton, M., Eberhard, K., & Sedivy, J. (1995). Integration of visual and linguistic information during spoken language comprehension. Science, 268, 1632–1634.

Google Scholar Crossref

Taylor, B., Harris, L. A., & Pearson, P. D. (1988). Reading difficulties: Instruction and Assessment. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing company.

Google Scholar Crossref

Tucker, C. A. (1975). Evaluating beginning textbooks. English Teaching Forum, 13, 355-361.

Google Scholar Crossref

Tomlinson, B., Dat, B., Masuhara, H., & Rubdy, R. (2001). ELT courses for adults. ELT Journal, 55(1), 80-101.

Google Scholar Crossref

Toms, C. (2004). General English coursebooks and their place in an ESAP programme, Asian EFL Journal, 6(1), Retrieved from http://asian-efl-journal.com/journal-2004/.

Google Scholar Crossref

Tsagari, D. (2011). Washback of a high-stakes English exam on teachers’ perceptions and practices.

Google Scholar Crossref

Ur, P. (1996). A course in language teaching: Practice and theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

van Leeuwen, T. (1996). The representation of social actors in discourse. In C. R. Caldas-Coulthard, & M. Coulthard, (Eds.), Texts and practices: Readings in critical discourse analysis. London: Routledge, 32-70.

Google Scholar Crossref

Vidakovic, I., Elliott, M., & Sladden, J. (2015). Revising FCE and CAE reading tests. Researchers Note, 62, 8-14.

Google Scholar Crossref

Wade, S. E. (1990). Using think alouds to assess comprehension. The Reading Teacher, 43(7), 442-451.

Google Scholar Crossref

Zeronis, R., & Geranpayeh, A. (2015). Continuity and innovation: Updating FCE and CAE. Researchers Note, 62, 3-5.

Google Scholar Crossref

Downloads

Published

2017-03-30

Almetric

Dimensions

How to Cite

Khodadady, E., & Attaran, A. (2017). Evaluation of “Ready for First Certificate of English”: Microstructural Approach. International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.2017.2051

Issue

Section

Articles