How to Avoid Negative Effects when Gamifying in Education: Panoramic Review and Heuristic Approach towards an Instructional Model
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Gamification studies in education have focused on exploring the positive effects, however, there are concerns related to neutral, mixed and negative effects, which must necessarily be addressed if an instructional model is to be designed. Due to the lack of adequate instructions to plan and implement gamification in a learning context, a model focused on the quality of the gamified system design is proposed, aimed at the process and an implementation of ethical and pedagogical gamification. It is intended to make known which are the gamification elements that have been most frequently reported as causing adverse effects in education, with the aim of guiding the instructional design of gamified experiences. In this review, the heuristic method known as "IDEAL" has been followed, as well as the protocols of the "PRISMA-ScR" statement for panoramic reviews. Theories, models and approaches of gamification in education are pointed out; The negative effects of gamification in education are discussed: effect of novelty in gamification mechanics and dynamics, collaborative vs competitive learning environments, duration of the gamified process, overjustification effect and dependence on gamification elements; and the design of an instructional model to gamify in education is presented.
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