Rethinking Old Age and Masculinity: Impact on the Re-Spatialization of Life and Research during the COVID-19 Period in Spain
Keywords:
Type:
TextAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and experiencing confinement resignified spaces of life and research. This experience did not affect men and women or the youth and older people in the same way. In recent years, the pandemic’s exacerbation of gender inequality and its harmful effect on the elderly have been extensively studied. However, few studies have focused on how it has impacted older men specifically, and even fewer have looked into the variations in the way they perceive their masculinity and inhabit (gendered) spaces. This paper aims to analyses that impact and those variations, as well as the research limitations that came to light in the investigation process of this study, which was also affected by restrictions imposed during the pandemic. We managed to conduct interviews and focus groups with men over 60 years old from different social backgrounds and sexual orientation to study their thoughts and beliefs about masculinity and ageing by taking into account how the re-spatialization of the participant’s lives and of the research during the pandemic transformed both the (self-)perception of masculinity and of ageing, as well as the process and results of our investigation.
Downloads
References
Armengol, J. M. (2020). “El virus del edadismo: el coronavirus y la discriminación de los mayores”. Huffintong Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.es/entry/el-virus-del-edadismo-el-coronavirus-y-la-discriminacion-de-los-mayores_es_5e7b4393c5b6d01bd154e6d7.html
Google Scholar CrossrefArmengol, J. M. (2022). Reescrituras de la masculinidad. Hombres y feminismos. Alianza.
Google Scholar CrossrefArmengol, J. M. & Varela-Manograsso, A. (2022). “Pain and glory: Narrative (De)constructions of older gay men in contemporary Spanish culture and cinema”. Journal of Aging Studies, 63 (101030), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2022.101030
Google Scholar CrossrefBaker, K.L., Robertson, N., & Connelly, D. (2010). “Men caring for wives or partners with dementia: Masculinity, strain and gain”. Aging & Mental Health, 14(3), 319-327.
Google Scholar CrossrefBeasley, C. (2008). “Rethinking hegemonic masculinity in a globalizing world”. Men and Masculinities, 11(1), 86-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X08315102
Google Scholar CrossrefBeyer, J. (2022). “Knitting masculinities: How men are challenging masculinity and needlework in a post-pandemic age”. Fashion, Style & Popular Culture, 9(1-2), 1-2.
Google Scholar CrossrefBravo-Segal, S., & Villar, F. (2020). “La representación de los mayores en los medios durante la pandemia COVID-19: ¿hacia un refuerzo del edadismo?” Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 55(5), 266-271.
Google Scholar CrossrefButler, J. (2004). Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence. Verso.
Google Scholar CrossrefCalasanti, T., & King, N. (2005). “Firming the floppy penis: Old men, age relations, and popular culture”. Men and Masculinities, 8(1), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X03260958
Google Scholar CrossrefCentro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS). (2021). “Avance de resultados del estudio 3312. Encuesta sobre la salud mental de los españoles durante la pandemia de la COVID-19”. https://www.cis.es/-/avance-de-resultados-del-estudio-3312-encuesta-sobre-la-salud-mental-de-los-espanoles-durante-la-pandemia-de-la-covid-19-
Google Scholar CrossrefCentro internacional del envejecimiento (CENIE). (2021). “La soledad: epidemia del siglo XXI”. https://cenie.eu/es/blogs/silver-economy-uma-realidade-aberta/solidao-epidemia-do-seculo-xxi
Google Scholar CrossrefCollier, R. (1998). Masculinities, Crime and Criminology: Men, Heterosexuality and the Criminal(ised) Other. Sage Publications.
Google Scholar CrossrefConnell, R. W. (2005a). Masculinities. University of California Press.
Google Scholar CrossrefConnell, R. W. (2005b). “Change among the gatekeepers: Men, masculinities, and gender equality in the global arena”. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30(3), 1801-1825.
Google Scholar CrossrefDe Beauvoir, S. (1996) [1970]. The Coming of Age. Norton.
Google Scholar CrossrefDemetriou, D. Z. (2001). “Connell's concept of hegemonic masculinity: A critique”. Theory and Society, 30(3), 337-361. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017596718715
Google Scholar CrossrefDurnová, A. & Mohammadi, E. (2021). “Intimacy, home, and emotions in the era of the pandemic”. Sociology Compass, 15: e12852. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12852.
Google Scholar CrossrefFoucault, M. 1978 [1967]. “Espacios otros: utopías y heterotopías”. Carrer de la Ciutat. Revista de Arquitectura 1, 5-9.
Google Scholar CrossrefFreire, C., Sánchez, M., & Díaz, A. (2012). “The time allocation of older Europeans: A cross-country perspective”. Journal of Population Ageing, 5(2), 137-156.
Google Scholar CrossrefGerson, K. (2010). The unfinished revolution: How a new generation is reshaping family, work, and gender in America. Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar CrossrefHowlett, M. (2022). “Looking at the 'field' through a Zoom lens: Methodological reflections on conducting online research during a global pandemic”. Qualitative Research, 22(3): 387-402. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794120985691
Google Scholar CrossrefJackson, D. (2016). Exploring Aging Masculinities. Palgrave Macmillan.
Google Scholar CrossrefKasar S., Kadriye, & Karaman E. (2021). “Life in lockdown: Social isolation, loneliness and quality of life in the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic”. Geriatric Nursing 42(5), 1222-1229.
Google Scholar CrossrefKavaliunas, A., Pauline O., Mumper J., Lindfeldt, I., & Kyhlstedt, M. (2020). “Swedish policy analysis for Covid-19”. Health Policy and Technology 9(4), 598-612.
Google Scholar CrossrefKimmel, M. (2004). The Gendered Society. Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar CrossrefKimmel, M. (2009). “Masculinity Studies: An Introduction”. Debating Masculinity, ed. Armengol, J.M. & Carabí, A. Men’s Studies Press, 16-30.
Google Scholar CrossrefLee, S., & Waite, L. J. (2005). “Husbands' and wives' time spent on housework: A comparison of measures”. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(2), 328-336.
Google Scholar CrossrefLefebvre, H. (2013) [1974]. La producción del espacio. Capitán Swing.
Google Scholar CrossrefLópez-Bueno, R., Calatayud, J., Casaña, J., Casajús, J. A., Smith, L., & Tully, M. A. (2021). “Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown on Time Use, Health, and Quality of Life of Older Adults in Spain”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (3), 724.
Google Scholar CrossrefMaierhofer, R., Ratzenböck, B., Pirker, F., & Nicole H. (2022). “Aging Masculinities in Austria: Social Realities and Cultural Representations”. Journal of Aging Studies, 63, 1-6.
Google Scholar CrossrefMassey, D. (1994). Space, Place, and Gender. University of Minnesota Press.
Google Scholar CrossrefMeskell, P., Houghton, C., & Biesty, L. (2021). “Opening Windows Behind Closed Doors: Reflections on Working Qualitatively During a Pandemic”. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 20. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211008313
Google Scholar CrossrefNewman, M. A., Carabí, À., & Armengol, J. M. (2012). “Beyond Don Juan: Rethinking Iberian Masculinities”. Men and Masculinities, 15(4), 343-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X12454103
Google Scholar CrossrefPalmer, C., & Peterson, R. (2020). “Toxic Maskulinity: The Link Between Masculine Toughness and Affective Reactions to Mask Wearing in the COVID-19 Era”. Politics & Gender 16 (4), 1044-1051.
Google Scholar CrossrefRadio Televisión Española (RTVE). (2023). “Situación de la COVID en las residencias de ancianos: evolución y recuento de casos y muertes”. https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20230203/radiografia-del-coronavirusresidenciasancianos-espana/2011609.shtml
Google Scholar CrossrefRosenthal, G. (1993). “Reconstruction of Life Stories: Principles of Selection in Generating Stories for Narrative Biographical Interviews”. The Narrative Study of Lives, 1 (1), 59-91.
Google Scholar CrossrefSeifert, A., Cotten, S.R., & Xie, B. (2021). “A double burden of exclusion? Digital and social exclusion of older adults in times of COVID-19”. Journals of Gerontology, Series B 76(3), 99-103.
Google Scholar CrossrefSoja, E. (1989). Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory. Verso.
Google Scholar CrossrefTéllez Infantes, A., Martínez Guirao, J. E., & Sanfélix Albelda, J. (2024). Hombres en el siglo XXI: análisis críticos de las masculinidades. Tirant Lo Blanch.
Google Scholar CrossrefVillalba, A., Stanley, J.T., Turner, J. R., Vale M.T., & Houston M.L. (2020). “Age Differences in Preferences for Fear-Enhancing Vs. Fear-Reducing News in a Disease Outbreak”. Frontiers in Psychology 11:589390. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.589390.
Google Scholar CrossrefWetherell, M., & Edley, N. (1999). “Negotiating hegemonic masculinity: Imaginary positions and psycho-discursive practices”. Feminism & Psychology, 9(3), 335-356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353599009003012
Google Scholar CrossrefWojnicka, K. (2022). “What’s masculinity got to do with it? The COVID-19 pandemic, men and care”. European Journal of Women's Studies, 29(1_suppl), 27S-42S.
Google Scholar CrossrefYoung, I.M. (2005). “House and home: Feminist variations on a theme”. In Motherhood and Space: Configurations of the Maternal through Politics, Home, and the Body, ed. by Wiedmer, C., & Hardy S., 115-147. Palgrave Macmillan.
Google Scholar CrossrefPublished
Metrics
Almetric
Dimensions
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Agustina Varela-Manograsso, Marcos Bote

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles are published under Creative Commons copyright (CC BY). Authors hold the copyright and retain publishing rights without restrictions, but authors allow anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy articles as the original source is cited.