Exploring the Prevalence of Teachers’ Organizational Citizenship Behaviour and its Determinants: Evidence from an under-researched Cultural Milieu
Keywords:
Downloads
Abstract
Teachers’ organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) is the teacher behaviour that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognised by the formal reward system. The factors found to be determining Teachers’ OCB are different, hinging on country-culture specific nature. Research studies in the sphere of Teachers’ OCB have heretofore been overlooked in Sri Lanka and other similar Asian countries. Hence, this study aims at exploring the degree of prevalence of teacher OCB and its dominant determinants among the teachers in Sri Lanka. The study draws on in-depth qualitative data from interviews and the participants included a convenience sample of teachers and principals employed in secondary schools. The data were analysed deductively using content analysis method. The findings reveal that the teachers’ propensity to perform OCB - towards students, school and their colleagues - is on the decline. The determinants, such as work-family conflict, perceived organizational support, teacher values, teachers’ self-efficacy, student behaviour patterns, and teachers’ pupil control ideologies, seem to be dominant attributing to the low levels of teachers’ OCB.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Anderson, N. R., & West, M. A. (1998). Measuring climate for work group innovation: Development and validation of the team climate inventory. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199805)19:3<235::AID-JOB837>3.0.CO;2-C
Google ScholarBandura, A. (1986). Fearful Expectations and Avoidant Actions as Coeffects of Perceived Self-Inefficacy. American Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.41.12.1389
Google ScholarBardi, A., & Schwartz, S. H. (2003). Values and Behavior: Strength and Structure of Relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203254602
Google ScholarBarnard, C. I. (1938). The functions of the executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Google ScholarBateman, T. S., & Organ, D. W. (1983). Job Satisfaction and the Good Soldier: The Relationship Between Affect and Employee “Citizenship”. Academy of Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.2307/255908
Google ScholarBeham, B. (2011). Work–family conflict and organisational citizenship behaviour: empirical evidence from Spanish employees. Community, Work & Family. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2010.506034
Google ScholarBies, R. J., Martin, C. L., & Brockner, J. (1993). Just laid off, but still a “good citizen?” only if the process is fair. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01419446
Google ScholarBlase, J. J. (1986). A Qualitative Analysis of Sources of Teacher Stress: Consequences for Performance. American Educational Research Journal, 23(1), 13–40. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312023001013
Google ScholarBogler, R., & Somech, A. (2004). Influence of teacher empowerment on teachers’ organizational commitment, professional commitment and organizational citizenship behavior in schools. Teaching and Teacher Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2004.02.003
Google ScholarBogler, R., & Somech, A. (2005). Organizational citizenship behavior in school: How does it relate to participation in decision making? Journal of Educational Administration, 43(5), 420–438. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230510615215
Google ScholarBolino, M. C. (1999). Citizenship and impression management: Good soldiers or good actors? Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 82–98. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1999.1580442
Google ScholarBolino, M. C., Turnley, W. H., & Bloodgood, J. M. (2002). Citizenship Behavior and The Creation of Social Capital in Organizations. Academy of Management Review, 27(4), 505–522. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.7566023
Google ScholarBolino, M. C., Varela, J. A., Bande, B., & Turnley, W. H. (2006). The impact of impression-management tactics on supervisor ratings of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.379
Google ScholarBrabeck, M. (1984). Ethical characteristics of whistle blowers. Journal of Research in Personality. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(84)90037-0
Google ScholarBragger, J. D., Rodriguez-Srednicki, O., Kutcher, E. J., Indovino, L., & Rosner, E. (2005). Work-family conflict, work-family culture, and organizational citizenship behavior among teachers. Journal of Business and Psychology, 20(2), 303–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-005-8266-0
Google ScholarBurns, W. R. T., & DiPaola, M. F. (2013). A Study of Organizational Justice, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and Student Achievement in High Schools. American Secondary Education.
Google ScholarChiaburu, D. S., Chakrabarty, S., Wang, J., & Li, N. (2015). Organizational Support and Citizenship Behaviors: A Comparative Cross-Cultural Meta-Analysis. Management International Review, 55(5), 707–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-015-0253-8
Google ScholarChughtai, A. A., & Buckley, F. (2009). Linking trust in the principal to school outcomes: The mediating role of organizational identification and work engagement. International Journal of Educational Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540910990816
Google ScholarDiefendorff, J. M., Brown, D. J., Kamin, A. M., & Lord, R. G. (2003). Examining the roles of job involvement and work centrality in predicting organizational citizenship behaviors and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.123
Google ScholarDiPaola, M. F., & Hoy, W. K. (2005). Organizational Citizenship of Faculty and Achievement of High School Students. The High School Journal. https://doi.org/10.1353/hsj.2005.0002
Google ScholarDiPaola, M. F., & Tschannen-Moran, M. (2001). Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Schools and Its Relationship to School Climate. Journal of School Leadership, 11(5), 424–447. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.umsl.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ634843&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Google ScholarDormann, C., & Zapf, D. (2004). Customer-Related Social Stressors and Burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(1), 61–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.9.1.61
Google ScholarEdwards, J. L., Green, K. E., Lyons, C. A., Rogers, M. S., & Swords, M. E. (1998). The Effects of Cognitive Coaching and Nonverbal Classroom Management on Teacher Efficacy and Perceptions of School Culture. Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED439113
Google ScholarElstad, E., Christophersen, K. A., & Turmo, A. (2012). Exploring antecedents of organizational citizenship behaviour among teachers at Norwegian folk high schools. Studies in Continuing Education.
Google ScholarFolger, R. (1993). Justice, motivation, and performance beyond role requirements. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01419447
Google ScholarGarg, P., & Rastogi, R. (2006). Climate profile and OCBs of teachers in public and private schools of India. International Journal of Educational Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540610704636
Google ScholarGarver-Pinhas, A., & Schmelkin, L. P. (1989). Administrators’ and Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Mainstreaming. Remedial and Special Education, 10(4), 38–43. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/074193258901000407
Google ScholarGeorge, J. M. (1996). Group affective tone. in West, M.A. (Ed.), Handbook of Work Group Psychology, Wiley, New York, NY,.
Google ScholarGeorge, J. M., & Bettenhausen, K. (1990). Understanding Prosocial Behavior, Sales Performance, and Turnover: A Group-Level Analysis in a Service Context. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.75.6.698
Google ScholarHoy, W. K., & Miskel, C. G. (2013). Educational Administration: Theory, Research, and Practice (Ninth Edit). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.
Google ScholarJimmieson, N. L., Hannam, R. L., & Yeo, G. B. (2010). Teacher organizational citizenship behaviours and job efficacy: Implications for student quality of school life. British Journal of Psychology, 101(3), 453–479. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712609X470572
Google ScholarKarambayya, R. (1989). Organizational citizenship behavior: Contextual predictors and organizational consequences. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
Google ScholarKarambayya, R. (1990). Contextual predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. In Academy of Management Proceedings.
Google ScholarKatz, D. (1964). The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830090206
Google ScholarKatz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1966). The Social Psychology of Organizations. Wiley, New York, NY.
Google ScholarKoh, W. L., Steers, R. M., & Terborg, J. R. (1995). The effects of transformational leadership on teacher attitudes and student performance in Singapore. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030160404
Google ScholarKonovsky, M. A., & Pugh, S. D. (1994). Citizenship behavior and social exchange. Academy of Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.2307/256704
Google ScholarKounin, J. S., & Gump, P. V. (1961). The comparative influence of punitive and nonpunitive teachers upon children’s concepts of school misconduct. Journal of Educational Psychology, 52(1), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044705
Google ScholarKoys, D. J. (2001). The effects of employee satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, and turnover on organizational effectiveness: A unit-level, longitudinal study. Personnel Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00087.x
Google ScholarLambert, S. J. (2000). Added benefits: The link between work-life benefits and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 801–815. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556411
Google ScholarLewis, R., Romi, S., Qui, X., & Katz, Y. J. (2005). Teachers’ classroom discipline and student misbehavior in Australia, China and Israel. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(6), 729–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.05.008
Google ScholarLunenberg, F. C. (1984). “Custodial” Teachers: Negative Effects on Schools. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 58(3), 112–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.1984.9955524
Google ScholarMarshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family Practice. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/13.6.522
Google ScholarMauseth, K. B. (2007). The influence of perceived organizational support and school culture on positive workplace outcomes for teachers in private schools. Dissertation, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle.
Google ScholarMeglino, B. M., & Audrey Korsgaard, M. (2004). Considering rational self-interest as a disposition: Organizational implications of other orientation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 946–959. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.946
Google ScholarMerrett, F., & Wheldall, K. (1993). How Do Teachers Learn to Manage Classroom Behaviour? A study of teachers’ opinions about their initial training with special reference to classroom behaviour management. Educational Studies, 19(1), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305569930190106
Google ScholarMishra, A. K. (1996). Organizational responses to crisis: The centrality of trust. In Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Google ScholarMoorman, R. H., & Blakely, G. L. (1995). Individualism‐collectivism as an individual difference predictor of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030160204
Google ScholarMoorman, R. H., Niehoff, B. P., & Organ, D. W. (1993). Treating employees fairly and organizational citizenship behavior: Sorting the effects of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and procedural justice. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 6(3), 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01419445
Google ScholarMowday, R. T. ., Porter, L. W. ., & Steers, R. M. . (1982). Employee-Organization Linkages, the Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism and Turnover. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/2068333
Google ScholarNational Child Protection Authority Sri Lanka. (2017). A Study on Child Disciplinary Methods Practiced in Schools in Sri Lanka. Retrieved from http://www.childprotection.gov.lk/documents/24.1.2018 Disciplinary Methods final report 06-07-2017.pdf
Google ScholarNational Education Commission Sri Lanka. (2016). Educational Planning and Management.
Google ScholarNguni, S., Sleegers, P., & Denessen, E. (2006). Transformational and transactional leadership effects on teachers’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior in primary schools: The Tanzanian case. School Effectiveness and School Improvement. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243450600565746
Google ScholarNorwich, B. (1994). The relationship between attitudes to the integration of children with special educational needs and wider socio-political views; a US-English comparison. European Journal of Special Needs Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/0885625940090108
Google ScholarO’Reilly, C., & Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational Commitment and Psychological Attachment. The Effects of Compliance, Identification, and Internalization on Prosocial Behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.492
Google ScholarOplatka, I. (2006). Going beyond role expectations: Toward an understanding of the determinants and components of teacher organizational citizenship behavior. Educational Administration Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X05285987
Google ScholarOplatka, I. (2009). Organizational citizenship behavior in teaching: The consequences for teachers, pupils, and the school. International Journal of Educational Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540910970476
Google ScholarOplatka, I., & Golan, R. (2011). The teacher’s extra-role behaviors: Some illuminations from a study of the israeli religious state education system. Religious Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2011.613352
Google ScholarOrgan, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA.
Google ScholarOrgan, D. W. (1990). Motivational basis of organizational citizenship behavior. Research in Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.2
Google ScholarOrgan, D. W. (2015). Organizational Citizenship Behavior. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition (Second Edi, Vol. 17). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.22031-X
Google ScholarOrgan, D. W., & Konovsky, M. (1989). Cognitive Versus Affective Determinants of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.1.157
Google ScholarPathirana, B. D. D. (2006). An inquiry into early violence/aggression and prosocial behaviors in preschool children in Sri Lanka to identify appropriate interventions. University of Colombo.
Google ScholarPathirana, B. D. D. (2017). Exploring the Sri Lankan Teacher Attitudes Pertaining To Corporal Punishment against Their Knowledge and Perceived Skills Pertaining To Child Protection, 4(2).
Google ScholarPenner, L. A., Midili, A. R., & Kegelmeyer, J. (1997). Beyond Job Attitudes: A Personality and Social Psychology Perspective on the Causes of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Human Performance, 10(2), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_4
Google ScholarPodsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors : A critical review of the theoretical and future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513–563. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600307
Google ScholarRego, A., & Cunha, M. P. (2009). How individualism–collectivism orientations predict happiness in a collectivistic context. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-007-9059-0
Google ScholarRhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698
Google ScholarRioux, S. M., & Penner, L. A. (2001). The causes of organizational citizenship behavior: A motivational analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1306
Google ScholarSchein, E. H. (1990). Organizational Culture: What it is and How to Change it. American Psychologist. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MRR-09-2015-0216
Google ScholarSchneider, B., Ehrhart, M. G., Mayer, D. M., Saltz, J. L., & Niles-Jolly, K. (2005). Understanding organization-customer links in service settings. Academy of Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2005.19573107
Google ScholarSchwartz, S. H. (1994). Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x
Google ScholarSchwartz, Shalom H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6
Google ScholarSchwartz, Shalom H., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward A Universal Psychological Structure of Human Values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.550
Google ScholarSchwartz, Shalom H., & Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a Theory of the Universal Content and Structure of Values: Extensions and Cross-Cultural Replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.878
Google ScholarSchwartz, Shalom H., & Sagiv, L. (1995). Identifying culture-specifics in the content and structure of values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26(1), 92–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022195261007
Google ScholarSesen, H., & Basim, N. H. (2012). Impact of satisfaction and commitment on teachers’ organizational citizenship. Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2012.670900
Google ScholarSettoon, R. P., Bennett, N., & Liden, R. C. (1996). Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader–member ex- change, and employee reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(3), 219–227.
Google ScholarSlavin, R. E. (2015). Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice. New Jersey: Pearson.
Google ScholarSmith, C. A., Organ, D. W., & Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.68.4.653
Google ScholarSmyth, E., & Quail, A. (2017). Structuring student behaviour: discipline policy in primary schools. Irish Teachers’ Journal, 5(1). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321882986_Structuring_student_behaviour_discipline_policy_in_primary_schools/download
Google ScholarSomech, A. (2014). Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Schools. Routledge, VitalBook file.
Google ScholarSomech, A., & Bogler, R. (2002). Antecedents and consequences of teacher organizational and professional commitment. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38(4), 555–577. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316102237672
Google ScholarSomech, A., & Drach-Zahavy, A. (2000a). Understanding extra-role behavior in schools: The relationships between job satisfaction, sense of efficacy, and teachers’ extra-role behavior. Teaching and Teacher Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(00)00012-3
Google ScholarSomech, A., & Drach-Zahavy, A. (2000b). Understanding extra-role behavior in schools: The relationships between job satisfaction, sense of efficacy, and teachers’ extra-role behavior. Teaching and Teacher Education, 16(5), 649–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(00)00012-3
Google ScholarSomech, A., & Ron, I. (2007). Promoting organizational citizenship behavior in schools: The impact of individual and organizational characteristics. Educational Administration Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X06291254
Google ScholarTepper, B. J., & Taylor, E. C. (2003). Relationships among Supervisors’ and Subordinates’ Procedural Justice Perceptions and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Academy of Management Journal, 46(1), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.5465/30040679
Google ScholarUzun, T. (2018). A Study of Correlations between Perceived Supervisor Support, Organizational Identification, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and Burnout at Schools. European Journal of Educational Research, 7(3), 501–511. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.7.3.501
Google ScholarVail, K. (2005). Cimate Control. American School Board Journal, 192(6), 16–19.
Google ScholarVanYperen, N. W., Van Den Berg, A. E., & Willering, M. C. (1999). Towards a better understanding of the link between participation in decision-making and organizational citizenship behaviour: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(3), 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317999166734
Google ScholarVashdi, D. R., Vigoda-Gadot, E., & Shlomi, D. (2013). Assessing performance: The impact of organizational climates and politics on public schools’ performance. Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2011.01968.x
Google ScholarWang, I.-A., Lee, B.-W., & Wu, S.-T. (2017). The relationships among work-family conflict, turnover intention and organizational citizenship behavior in the hospitality industry of Taiwan. International Journal of Manpower, 38(8), 1130–1142. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-04-2015-0056
Google ScholarWilliams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship and In-Role Behaviors. Journal of Management. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700305
Google ScholarZeinabadi, H. (2010). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as antecedents of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) of teachers. In Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.225
Google ScholarDownloads
Published
Almetric
Dimensions
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The opinions and contents of the manuscript published in QRE are under exclusive responsibility of the author(s). Therefore, authors are responsible for obtaining copyright permission for reproducing the material published in other publications.
All articles are published under Creative Commons copyright (CC BY). Authors hold the copyright and retain publishing rights without restrictions, but authors allow anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy articles as the original source is cited.