Moustache for All: Do you have? Can you have? A Study of Roles, Stereotype, Crisis of Masculinity and Identity
Keywords:
Downloads
Abstract
Most people believe in a statement that ‘All men are same’, even most men have taken this thing for granted that at the end they are going to be entitled to the same statement. So most of them hardly try to question the basis of the same. A few men engaged in humanities or social sciences are aware of things otherwise most of the men merely step in this tangled zone of masculinity-femininity or the bigger picture as gender. It has been taken for granted that gender studies mean women studies, homosexuality is not even landed yet, there are no such concepts like masculinity/femininity/gender-inequality etc. Without questioning or inquiring the system, blindly believing later following whatever one has been asking to perform is the current state of role-performance of the society. Forget about gender equality. Still, men are not aware of how their deeds disadvantage their female counterparts. The paper investigates the ways in which sex-roles were assigned/imposed, implied and performed and these sex-roles/stereotypes lead to identity assertion, conflict, violence etc. that results into disadvantaging women from their fundamental rights.
Downloads
References
Allen, V.L. (1975). Social Analysis: a Marxist Critique and Alternative. Longman: London and New York. p.14.
Google Scholar CrossrefAlter, J.S. (1992). The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 67.
Google Scholar CrossrefBack, L. (1994). The ‘White Negro’ revisited: Race and Masculinities in South London. In: Cornwall & Lindisfarne (eds.) Dislocating Masculinity: Comparative Ethnographies. London and New York. Routledge. pp. 177-178.
Google Scholar CrossrefBeauvoir, S. de. (1989). The Second Sex. New York. Vintage Books. pp. 176-177.
Google Scholar CrossrefBrownmiller, S. (1975). Against Our Will Men, Women and Rape. New York. Fawcett Columbine. p. 16.
Google Scholar CrossrefCameron, D. (1992). Naming of Parts: Gender, Culture, and Terms for the Penis among American College Students. American Speech, Vol. 67, No. 4. Duke University Press. p. 371.
Google Scholar CrossrefConnell, R.W. (2005). Masculinities, 2nd Ed. Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 23, 27-29, 82, and 212.
Google Scholar CrossrefConnell, R.W. (2005). The Social Organization of Masculinity. In: McCann & Kim (eds.) Feminist Local and Global Theory Perspectives Reader (2013). New York: Routledge. p. 258.
Google Scholar CrossrefConnell, R.W. and Messerschmidt, J.W. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender & Society. Sage Publications.
Google Scholar CrossrefDagar, R. (2002). Gender Violence and Construction of Masculinities: An Exploratory Study in Punjab. In Men, Masculinity and Domestic Violence in India. Domestic Violence in India: Exploring Strategies, Promoting Dialogue. ICRW. p. 32.
Google Scholar CrossrefDasgupta, R.K. and Gokulsing, K.M. (2013). Introduction: Perceptions of masculinity and challenges to the Indian male. In: Dasgupta & Gokulsing (eds.) Masculinity and its challenges in India: Essays on changing perceptions, Jefferson, NC: Jefferson Publishers, pp. 5-26.
Google Scholar CrossrefDoniger, W. and Kakar, S. (2002). Vatsyayana Mallanaga. Kamasutra. United States: Oxford University Press. p. 29.
Google Scholar CrossrefEckert, P. (2011). List of Penis Terms. In Slang for Penis and Testicles. Stanford University.
Google Scholar CrossrefEckman, A., Jain, A., Kambou, S.D., Bartel, D., Crownover, J., Prvulovic, M., Dusanic, S., Matkovic, V., and Husic, A. (2007). Exploring Dimensions of Masculinity and Violence. Western Balkan Gender-Based Violence Prevention Initiative. CARE and ICRW. p. 16.
Google Scholar CrossrefErikson, E.H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton. pp. 91-96.
Google Scholar CrossrefFoucault, M. (1978). The History of Sexuality. Volume I: An Introduction. Translated from the French by Hurley R. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 104.
Google Scholar CrossrefFreud, S. (1900; 2010). The Interpretation of Dreams (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: A Member of the Perseus Books Group. p. 217 & 455.
Google Scholar CrossrefGoody, J. (1997). Boys Don't Cry: Masculinities, Fear of Crime and Fearlessness. The British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 37, No. 3. Oxford University Press. p. 416.
Google Scholar CrossrefGriffin, S. (1971). Rape: The all-American Crime. Ramparts. Vol. 10. p. 30.
Google Scholar CrossrefHanlon, N. (2012). Masculinities, Care and Equality Identity and Nurture in Men’s Lives. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 72.
Google Scholar CrossrefHearn, J. and Collinson, D. (2001). Naming Men as Men: Implications for Work, Organisations and Management. In: Whitehead and Barrett (eds.) The Masculinities Reader. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Google Scholar CrossrefJohansson, T. (1996). Gendered Spaces: The Gym Culture and the Construction of Gender. YOUNG. 4. p. 32.
Google Scholar CrossrefKimmel, M. and Aronson, A. (2004). Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopaedia. Volume I. A–J. pp. 417-18
Google Scholar CrossrefMasculinities and Violence (A field study in Bhikhiwind district of Punjab). (2017). Supported by the Institute for Development and Communication (IDC), Chandigarh. Unpublished manuscript.
Google Scholar CrossrefKuhn, T. S. (1996). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 6-7, 23, 39, & 80.
Google Scholar CrossrefLai, G. (2008). Marriage, Gender, and Social Capital. In: Lin and Erickson (eds.) Social Capital: An International Research Program. Oxford University Press. pp. 343-344.
Google Scholar CrossrefLeonard, A.E. (2011). Sugar and Spice and Everything Nice: Gender Difference in German Primary School Education. In: Leonard and Nelson (eds.) Masculinities, Childhood, Violence. Attending to Early Modern Women- and Men Proceedings of the 2006 Symposium. Newark: University of Delaware Press. p. 156.
Google Scholar CrossrefLuu, C. (2016). Bad Language for Nasty Women (and Other Gendered Insults). LINGUA OBSCURA. JSTOR Daily.
Google Scholar CrossrefMadrigal, L.J. (2006). Masculinities: Hopes to Change. In Celebrating Changes: Exploring Quality and Equity of Diakonia in the Church, Geneva: World Council of Churches.
Google Scholar CrossrefMansfield, L. (2005). Gender, Power and Identities in the Fitness Gym: Towards A Sociology of the `Exercise Body-Beautiful Complex' (A Doctoral Thesis). Loughborough University. p. 16.
Google Scholar CrossrefMary, W. (1792). A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. With An Introduction by Elizabeth Robins Pennell. The Scott Library. London: Walter Scott. pp. 221-274.
Google Scholar CrossrefMcCartney, E.S. (1918). Some Folk-Lore of Ancient Physiology and Psychology. In Studies in Classical Weather Folklore. Vol. 12, No. 3, 4, 5. pp. 18-38.
Google Scholar CrossrefMeyer, J. (2013). Deconstructing Masculinity: Dominant Discourses on Gender, Sexuality and HIV and AIDS from the experience of the Adolescent Male Orphan. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 69(1), Art. #1947.
Google Scholar CrossrefMorgan, D.H.J. (1992). Discovering Men. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar CrossrefMurray, A.G. and Hopkins, P. 2014. Masculinities and Place. Gender, Space and Society; Ashgate Publishing Limited. p.115.
Google Scholar CrossrefNeetha, N. (2004). Making Female Breadwinners: Migration and Social Networking of Women Domestics in Delhi. Economic and Political Weekly. Vol. 39, Issue No. 17. p. 1687.
Google Scholar CrossrefNyambi, O. (2015). Re-framing the Prostitute Identity in Zimbabwe: An Approach to Virginia Phiri’s novel Highway Queen (2010)’, Literator 36(1), Art. #1105. p. 8.
Google Scholar CrossrefOftung, K. (2000). Men and Gender Equality in the Nordic countries. In: Breines, Connell, R. and Eide (eds.) Male roles, Masculinities and Violence: a Culture of Peace Perspective. UNESCO. p. 155.
Google Scholar CrossrefOsella, F. and Osella, C. (2006). Men and Masculinities in South India. Anthem South Asian studies. Anthem Press: London. p. 200.
Google Scholar CrossrefRodríguez, P.G. (2012). The Female Soldier in the Armed Forces. In The Role of Women and Gender in Conflicts. p. 127.
Google Scholar CrossrefSahgal, S. (2015). Situating Kingship within an Embryonic Frame of Masculinity in Early India. Social Scientist, Vol. 43, No. 11/12. p. 14.
Google Scholar CrossrefSchrock, D. and Schwalbe, M. (2009). Men, Masculinity, and Manhood Acts. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 35. p. 281.
Google Scholar CrossrefSiahaan, P. (2008). Did he break your heart or your liver? A contrastive study on metaphorical concepts from the source domain ORGAN in English and in Indonesian. In: Sharifan, Farzad, Dirven, Yu, and Niemeier (eds.) Culture, Body, and Language: Conceptualization of Internal Body Organs across Cultures and Languages. Berlin. New York. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 71.
Google Scholar CrossrefWarner, M. (1993). Fear of a Queer Planet: Queer Politics and Social Theory. Cultural Politics. Vol. 6. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. xxiii.
Google Scholar CrossrefWhitaker, J.L. (2011). Strong Arms and Drinking Strength: Masculinity, Violence, and the Body in Ancient India. Oxford University Press. p. 146.
Google Scholar CrossrefWhite, S.C. (2000). Did the Earth Move? The Hazards of Bringing Men and Masculinities into Gender and Development. IDS Bulletin Vol. 31 No. 2. p. 39.
Google Scholar CrossrefWhitehead, S. M. (2002). Men and Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity.
Google Scholar CrossrefEncyclopaedia Britannica. Garba Dance. (2015).
Google Scholar CrossrefThe Times of India. (2017). Dalit youth beaten up for sporting a moustache.
Google Scholar CrossrefThe Wire. (2017). In Gujarat, Dalits Under Attack for Watching Garba, Sporting Moustache.
Google Scholar CrossrefDownloads
Published
Almetric
Dimensions
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All articles are published under Creative Commons copyright (CC BY). Authors hold the copyright and retain publishing rights without restrictions, but authors allow anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy articles as the original source is cited.
