Women’s Studies as Virus: Institutional Feminism, Affect, and the Projection of Danger.

Authors

  • Breanne Fahs Arizona State University
  • Michael Karger Arizona State University

https://doi.org/10.17583/generos.2016.1683

Keywords:


Downloads

Abstract

Because women’s studies radically challenges social hierarchies and lacks a unified identity and canon of thought, it often negotiates a precarious position within the modern corporatized university. At the same time, women’s studies offers—by virtue of its interdisciplinary, critical, and “infectious” structure—cutting-edge perspectives and goals that set it apart from more traditional fields. This paper theorizes that one future pedagogical priority of women’s studies is to train students not only to master a body of knowledge but also to serve as symbolic “viruses” that infect, unsettle, and disrupt traditional and entrenched fields. In this essay, we first posit how the metaphor of the virus in part exemplifies an ideal feminist pedagogy, and we then investigate how both women’s studies and the spread of actual viruses (e.g., Ebola, HIV) produce similar kinds of emotional responses in others. By looking at triviality, mockery, panic, and anger that women’s studies as a field elicits, we conclude by outlining the stakes of framing women’s studies as an infectious, insurrectional, and potentially dangerous, field of study. In doing so, we frame two new priorities for women’s studies—training male students as viruses and embracing “negative” stereotypes of feminist professors—as important future directions for the potentially liberatory aspects of the field.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Breanne Fahs, Arizona State University

Breanne Fahs is an Associate Professor of Women and Gender Studies at Arizona State University.

Michael Karger, Arizona State University

Michael Karger is a graduate student in Social Justice and Human Rights at Arizona State University.

References

Abel, M. H., & Meltzer, A. L. (2007). Student ratings of a male and female professors’ lecture on sex discrimination in the workforce. Sex Roles, 57(3-4), 173-180.

Google Scholar Crossref

Accuracy in Academia. (2014). Sex, lies and women’s studies. Accuracy in Academia. http://www.academia.org/sex-lies-and-womens-studies/

Google Scholar Crossref

Adenyanju, C. T. (2010). Deadly fever: Racism, disease, and a media panic. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishers.

Google Scholar Crossref

Aguilar, T. R. (2012). The corrupting effects of political activism. Highlander News. http://www.highlandernews.org/2799/the-corrupting-effects-of-political-activism/

Google Scholar Crossref

Allen, J. A., & Kitch, S. L. (1998). Disciplined by disciplines? The need for an interdisciplinary research mission in women’s studies. Feminist Studies, 24(2), 275-299.

Google Scholar Crossref

Andersen E. A., & Jennings, M. K. (2010). Exploring multi-issue activism. PS: Political Science & Politics, 43(1), 63-67.

Google Scholar Crossref

Armstrong, E. A., Hamilton, L., & Sweeney, B. (2006). Sexual assault on campus: A multilevel, integrative approach to party rape. Social Problems, 53(4), 483-499.

Google Scholar Crossref

Artemis Guide. (2007). Artemis Guide. http://www.artemisguide.com/

Google Scholar Crossref

Arthur, M. L. (2012). Student activism and curricular change in higher education. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

Google Scholar Crossref

Author. (Removed for Blinding Purposes).

Google Scholar Crossref

Bargar, R. R., & Mayo-Chamberlain, J. (1983). Advisor and advisee issues in doctoral education. The Journal of Higher Education, 54(4), 407-432.

Google Scholar Crossref

Bartholomew, R. E., & Wessely, S. (2002). Protean nature of mass sociogenic illness: From possessed nuns to chemical and biological terrorism fears. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 300-306.

Google Scholar Crossref

Basow, S. A., Phelan, J. E., & Capotosto, L. (2006). Gender patterns in college students’ choices of their best and worst professors. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(1), 25-35.

Google Scholar Crossref

Bawer, B. (2012). Women’s studies and the spread of man-hatred. Front Page Magazine. http://www.frontpagemag.com/2012/bruce-bawer/womens-studies-and-the-spread-of-man-hatred/

Google Scholar Crossref

Becky, D. B. (1998). The “F” word: How the media frames feminism. NWSA Journal, 10(1), 139-153.

Google Scholar Crossref

Bell, S. G., & Rosenhan, M. S. (1981). A problem in naming: Women’s Studies: Women’s Studies? Signs, 6(3), 540-542.

Google Scholar Crossref

Bertozzi, C. (2009). Nanomachines: How viruses work, and how we can stop them. Berkeley Lab. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhE2LJTT0-o

Google Scholar Crossref

Bettie, J. (2003). Women without class: Girls, race, and identity. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Blackman, L., & Walkerdine, V. (2001). Mass hysteria: Critical psychology and media studies. London: Palgrave.

Google Scholar Crossref

Boxer, M. J. (2000). Unruly knowledge: Women’s Studies and the problem of disciplinarity. NWSA Journal, 12(2), 119-129.

Google Scholar Crossref

Boxer, M. J. (2000). When women ask the questions: Creating women’s studies in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Brandes, M., Klauschen, F., Kuchen, S., & Germain, R. N. (2013). A systems analysis identifies a feedforward inflammatory circuit leading to lethal influenza infection. Cell, 154(1), 197-212.

Google Scholar Crossref

Briggs, L. (2013). Whither feminism in higher education in the current crisis? Feminist Studies, 39(2), 502-506.

Google Scholar Crossref

Brown, W. (2003). Women’s Studies unbound: Revolution, mourning, politics. Parallax, 9(2), 3-16.

Google Scholar Crossref

Brown, W. (2006). The impossibility of Women’s Studies. In J. W. Scott (ed.), Women’s Studies on the edge, 17-38. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Burghardt, D. A., & Colbeck, C. L. (2005). Women’s Studies faculty at the intersection of institutional power and feminist values. Journal of Higher Education, 76(3), 301-330.

Google Scholar Crossref

Clark, V., Garner, S. N., Higonnet, M., & Katrak, K. (2014). Anti-feminism in the academy. New York: Routledge.

Google Scholar Crossref

Clough, P., & Puar, J. (2012). Introduction to WSQ Viral. WSQ, 40(1-2), 13-26.

Google Scholar Crossref

Cohn, S. K. (2012). Pandemics: Waves of disease, waves of hate from the Plague of Athens to A.I.D.S. Historical Research, 85(230), 535-555.

Google Scholar Crossref

Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829-859.

Google Scholar Crossref

Crosby, F. J., Todd, J., & Worell, J. (1996). Have feminists abandoned social activism? Voices from the academy. In L. Montada & M. J. Lerner (eds.), Current societal concerns about justice, 85-102. New York: Plenum Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Crowley, H. (1999). Women’s Studies: Between a rock and a hard place or just another cell in the beehive? Feminist Review, 61, 131-150.

Google Scholar Crossref

Cynkar, A. (2007). The changing gender composition of psychology. Monitor on Psychology, 38(6), 46-47.

Google Scholar Crossref

Davis, N. (1992). Teaching about inequality, student resistance, paralysis, and rage. Teaching Sociology, 20, 232-238.

Google Scholar Crossref

Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1988). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. New York: Bloomsbury.

Google Scholar Crossref

Digby, T. (2013). Men doing feminism. New York: Routledge.

Google Scholar Crossref

Dirkx, J. M. (2001). The power of feelings: Emotion, imagination, and the construction of meaning in adult learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 89, 63-72.

Google Scholar Crossref

Donaldson, L. J., Cavanaugh, J., & Rankin, J. (1997). The dancing plague: A public health conundrum. Public Health, 111(4), 201-204.

Google Scholar Crossref

Dottolo, A. L. (2011). “I’m not a feminist, but…”: Introducing feminism in psychology of women courses. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(4), 632-635.

Google Scholar Crossref

Duncan, P. (2002). Decentering whiteness: Resisting racism in the women’s studies classroom. In B. TuSmith (ed.), Race in the college classroom: Pedagogy and politics, 40-50. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Duncan, K., & Stasio, M. (2001). Surveying feminist pedagogy: A measurement, an evaluation, and an affirmation. Feminist Teacher, 13(3), 225-239.

Google Scholar Crossref

Eldridge, V. L., Mack, L., & Swank, E. (2006). Explaining comfort with homosexuality in rural America. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(2), 39-56.

Google Scholar Crossref

Elliott, P. (1995). Denial and disclosure: An analysis of selective reality as resistance to feminist curriculum. Resources for Feminist Research, 24, 3-13.

Google Scholar Crossref

Epstein, S. (1996). Impure science: AIDS, activism, and the politics of knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Faludi, S. (2009). Backlash: The undeclared war against American women. New York: Crown.

Google Scholar Crossref

Fisher, B. (1987). The heart has its reasons: Feeling, thinking, and community-building in feminist education. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 15(3-4), 47-58.

Google Scholar Crossref

Fox, J. (2004). How men’s movement participants view each other. Journal of Men’s Studies, 12(2), 103-118.

Google Scholar Crossref

Franklin, V. P. (2002). Hidden in plain view: African American women, radical feminism, and the origin of women’s studies programs, 1967-1974. Journal of African American History, 87, 433-445.

Google Scholar Crossref

Gardner, S. K. (2008). “What’s too much and what’s too little?”: The process of becoming an independent researcher in doctoral education. Journal of Higher Education, 79(3), 326-350.

Google Scholar Crossref

George, D. H. (1992). Bridges over the gap: Male students in Women’s Studies. The Radical Teacher, 42, 28-31.

Google Scholar Crossref

Gerber, B. W. (2002). NWSA organizational development: A view from within, at 25 years. NWSA Journal, 14(1), 1-21.

Google Scholar Crossref

Gill, R. (2007). Postfeminist media culture: Elements of a sensibility. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 10(2), 147-166.

Google Scholar Crossref

Gordon, L. (1975). A socialist view of Women’s Studies. Signs, 1(2), 559-566.

Google Scholar Crossref

Gross, N. (2013). Why are professors liberal and why do conservatives care? Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Gould, S. J. (1987). The terrifying normalcy of AIDS. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/11/09/home/gould-aids.html.

Google Scholar Crossref

Greger, M. (2006). Bird flu: A virus of our own hatching. New York: Lantern Books.

Google Scholar Crossref

Griffiths, D. J. (2001). Endogenous retroviruses in the human genome sequence. Genome Biology, 2(6), 1-4.

Google Scholar Crossref

Guy-Sheftall, B. (2009). Forty years of Women’s Studies. Ms. Magazine. http://msmagazine.com/womensstudies/FourtyYears.asp.

Google Scholar Crossref

Harris, K. L., Melaas, K., & Rodacker, E. (1999). The impact of women’s studies courses on college students of the 1990s. Sex Roles, 40(11-12), 969-977.

Google Scholar Crossref

Henderson-King, D., & Stewart, A. J. (1999). Educational experiences and shifts in group consciousness: Studying women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(3), 390-399.

Google Scholar Crossref

Hollingsworth, S. (1992). Learning to teach through collaborative conversation: A feminist approach. American Educational Research Journal, 29(2), 373-404.

Google Scholar Crossref

hooks, b. (2000a). Feminism is for everybody: Passionate politics. London: Pluto Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

hooks, b. (2000b). Feminist theory: From margin to center. London: Pluto Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Howe, F. (1979). Introduction: The first decade of Women’s Studies. Harvard Educational Review, 49(4), 155-161.

Google Scholar Crossref

Hull, G. T., Scott, P. B., & Smith, B. (1982). But some of us are brave: All the women are white, all the blacks are men. New York: Feminist Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Jameson, F. (1992). Postmodernism, or, the cultural logic of late capitalism. Durham: Duke University Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Jane, E. A. (2014). “Back to the kitchen, cunt”: Speaking the unspeakable about online misogyny. Continuum, 28(4), 558-570.

Google Scholar Crossref

Kearne, E. (2014). What Lena Dunham misunderstands about internet outrage. Salon. http://www.salon.com/2014/11/04/what_lena_dunham_misunderstands_about_internet_outrage/.

Google Scholar Crossref

Leonardo, Z. (2004). Critical social theory and transformative knowledge: The functions of criticism in quality education. Educational Researcher, 33(6), 11-18.

Google Scholar Crossref

Lind, R. A., & Salo, C. (2002). The framing of feminists and feminism in news and public affairs programs in US electronic media. Journal of Communication, 52(1), 211-228.

Google Scholar Crossref

Luke, C., & Gore, J. (2014). Feminisms and critical pedagogy. New York: Routledge.

Google Scholar Crossref

McDonald, J. L. (2003). Looking in the honest mirror of privilege: Polite white reflections. Columbia Journal of Gender & Language, 12, 650-657.

Google Scholar Crossref

McNamara, M. (2013). Cumming to terms: Bareback pornography, homonormativity, and queer survival in the time of HIV/AIDS. In B. Fahs, M. L. Dudy, & S. Stage (eds.), The moral panics of sexuality, pp. 226-244. London: Palgrave.

Google Scholar Crossref

Mead, R. (2014). The troll slayer. The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/01/troll-slayer.

Google Scholar Crossref

Moore, M. (1997). Student resistance to course content: Reactions to the gender of the messenger. Teaching Sociology, 25, 128-133.

Google Scholar Crossref

Morley, L. (1998). All you need is love: Feminist pedagogy for empowerment and emotional labour in the academy. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 2(1), 15-27.

Google Scholar Crossref

Nash, J. (2008). Re-thinking intersectionality. Feminist Review, 89(1), 1-15.

Google Scholar Crossref

Nathanson, N. (2007). Viral pathogenesis and immunity. London: Academic Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

National Research Council (U.S.). (1993). The social impact of AIDS in the United States. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Orr, C., & Lichtenstein, D. (2004). The politics of feminist locations: A materialist analysis of Women’s Studies. NWSA Journal, 16(3), 1-17.

Google Scholar Crossref

Palmer, S. J. (1997). AIDS as an apocalyptic metaphor in North America. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Patai, D., & Koertge, N. (1994). Professing feminism: Cautionary tales from the strange world of Women’s Studies. New York: Basic Books.

Google Scholar Crossref

Pinkerton, S. D., & Abramson, P. R. (1997). Condoms and the prevention of AIDS. American Scientist, 85(4), 364-373.

Google Scholar Crossref

Prakash, S. (2006). Radicals in tweed jackets: Why extreme left-wing law professors are wrong for America. Columbia Law Review, 106, 2207-2218.

Google Scholar Crossref

Price-Smith, A. T. (2009). Contagion and chaos: Disease, ecology, and national security in the era of globalization. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Rojas, F. (2013). From black power to black studies: How a radical social movement became an academic discipline. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Rollmann, H. (2013). Patriarchy and higher education: Organizing around masculinities and misogyny on Canadian campuses. Culture, Society & Masculinities, 5(2), 179-192.

Google Scholar Crossref

Romero, M. (2000). Disciplining the feminist bodies of knowledge: Are we creating or reproducing academic structure? NWSA Journal, 12(2), 148-162.

Google Scholar Crossref

Sacco, W. P., Levine, B., Reed, D. L., & Thompson, K. (1991). Attitudes about condom use as an AIDS-related behavior: Their factor structure and relation to condom use. Psychological Assessment, 3(2), 265-272.

Google Scholar Crossref

Salper, R. (2011). San Diego State, 1970: The initial year of the nation’s first Women’s Studies program. Feminist Studies, 37(3), 658-682.

Google Scholar Crossref

Schnirring, L. (2014). More funds pledged, more volunteers sought for Ebola fight. Centers for Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota. http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/09/more-funds-pledged-more-volunteers-sought-ebola-fight.

Google Scholar Crossref

Scott, J. W. (2008). Women’s Studies on the edge. Durham: Duke University Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Seay, L., & Dionne, K. Y. (2014). The long and ugly tradition of treating Africa as a dirty, diseased place. The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/08/25/othering-ebola-and-the-history-and-politics-of-pointing-at-immigrants-as-potential-disease-vectors/.

Google Scholar Crossref

Sheridan, S. (2012). Feminist knowledge, women’s liberation, and Women’s Studies. In S. Gunew (ed.), Feminist knowledge: Critique and construct, pp. 36-55. New York: Routledge.

Google Scholar Crossref

Shircliffe, B. J. (2000). Feminist reflections on university activism through Women’s Studies at a state university: Narratives of promise, compromise, and powerlessness. Frontiers, 21(3), 38-60.

Google Scholar Crossref

Shrewsbury, C. M. (1987). Feminsit pedagogy: A bibliography. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 15(3-4), 116-124.

Google Scholar Crossref

Sikkema, K. J., Kalichman, S. C., Hoffman, R., Koob, J. J., Kelly, J. A., & Heckman, T. G. (2000). Coping strategies and emotional wellbeing among HIV-infected men and women experiencing AIDS-related bereavement. AIDS Care, 12(5), 613-624.

Google Scholar Crossref

Smith, D. (1999). Writing the social: Critique, theory,, and investigations. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Smith, J. M. (1996). AIDS and society. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Google Scholar Crossref

Smith, R. (2014). In a mattress, a lever for art and political protest. The New York Times. http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/arts/design/in-a-mattress-a-fulcrum-of-art-and-political-protest.html?referrer=&_r=1.

Google Scholar Crossref

Sontag, S. (2001). Illness as metaphor and AIDS and its metaphors. New York: Picador.

Google Scholar Crossref

Stacey, J. (2000). Is academic feminism an oxymoron? Signs, 25(4), 1189-1194.

Google Scholar Crossref

Stake, J. E. (2006). Pedagogy and student change in the Women’s and Gender Studies classroom. Gender and Education, 18(2), 199-212.

Google Scholar Crossref

Stake, J. E., & Hoffman, F. L. (2001). Changes in student social attitudes, activism, and personal confidence in higher education: The role of Women’s Studies. American Educational Research Journal, 38(2), 411-436.

Google Scholar Crossref

Stake, J. E., & Rose, S. (1994). The long-term impact of Women’s Studies on students’ personal lives and political activism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18(3), 403-412.

Google Scholar Crossref

Stimpson, C. (1971). They neighbor’s wife, thy neighbor’s servants: Women’s liberation and black civil rights. In V. Gornick & B. K. Moran (eds.), Women in sexist society: Studies in power and powerlessness, pp. 622-657. New York: New American Library.

Google Scholar Crossref

Stolba, C. (2002). Three cheers for patriarchy! The Women’s Quarterly, 9(2), 4-6.

Google Scholar Crossref

Strimpel, Z. (2012). Why do so few men take Gender Studies courses? The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-womens-blog-with-jane-martinson/2012/nov/19/so-few-men-gender-studies.

Google Scholar Crossref

Superson, A. M., & Cudd, A. E. (2002). Theorizing backlash: Philosophical reflections on the resistance to feminism. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Google Scholar Crossref

Taylor, V., & Raeburn, N. C. (1995). Identity politics as a high-risk activism: Career consequences for lesbian, gay, and bisexual sociologists. Social Problems, 42(2), 252-273.

Google Scholar Crossref

Thorne, B. (2000). A telling time for Women’s Studies. Signs, 25(4), 1183-1187.

Google Scholar Crossref

Tumpey, T. M., Basler, C. F., Aguilar, P. V., Zeng, H. et al. (2005). Characterization of the reconstructed, 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic virus. Science, 310(5745), 77-80.

Google Scholar Crossref

Van Dyke, N. (2003). Crossing movement boundaries: Factors that facilitate coalition protest by American college students, 1930-1990. Social Problems, 50(2), 226-250.

Google Scholar Crossref

Villarreal, L. P. (2005). Viruses and the evolution of life. Washington, D. C.: ASM Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Voigtländer,, N., & Hans-Joachim, V. (2012). Persecution perpetuated: The medieval origins of anti-Semitic violence in Nazi Germany. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127(3), 1339-1392.

Google Scholar Crossref

Walby, S. (2005). Gender mainstreaming: Productive tensions in theory and practice. Social Policy, 12(3), 321-343.

Google Scholar Crossref

Wallace, M. L. (1999). Beyond love and battle: Practicing feminist pedagogy. Feminist Teacher, 12(3), 184-197.

Google Scholar Crossref

Webber, M. (2005). “Don’t’ be so feminist”: Exploring student resistance to feminist approaches in a Canadian University. Women’s Studies International Forum, 28, 181-194.

Google Scholar Crossref

Wiegman, R. (2008). Feminism, institutionalism, and the idiom of failure. In J. W. Scott (ed.), Women’s Studies on the edge, pp. 39-66. Durham: Duke University Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Wiley, S., Srinivasan, R., Finke, E., Firnhaber, J., & Shilink, A. (2013). Positive portrayals of feminist men increase men’s solidarity with feminists and collective action intentions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37(1), 61-71.

Google Scholar Crossref

World Health Organization. (2014). Psychological first aid during Ebola virus disease outbreaks. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Google Scholar Crossref

Zucker, A. N. (2004). Disavowing social identities: What it means when women say, “I’m not a feminist but…” Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28(4), 423-435.

Google Scholar Crossref

Downloads

Published

2016-02-25

Almetric

Dimensions

How to Cite

Fahs, B., & Karger, M. (2016). Women’s Studies as Virus: Institutional Feminism, Affect, and the Projection of Danger. Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies, 5(1), 929–957. https://doi.org/10.17583/generos.2016.1683

Issue

Section

Articles